Mice were given one week to acclimate to the care facility. Male Black Swiss mice were obtained (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) and were housed in our animal care facility on a 12:12 light-dark cycle (6 am-6 pm). Using mice, we modeled REM deprivation using an adapted version of the inverted flowerpot method (IFM) and modeled REM fragmentation using the moving bar method (MBM). Relative stress response between these has not been adequately examined. Sleep is more commonly fragmented, separated into discrete blocks that may or may not include REM periods. Total deprivation of REM sleep (as might occur in a manic episode) is rare. ĭifferent types of sleep deprivation may have different physiological effects. In animal models, REM deprivation can be devastating with disruption of long-term potentiation induction of apoptosis oxidative stress and occasionally death. Moreover, loss of sleep often exacerbates preexisting conditions as diverse as hypertension and bipolar disorder. Sleep disturbance interferes with diverse physiological processes such as metabolism immune responses neuroendocrine functioning, cognitive processing, and emotional states. In continuous conditions of sleep disruption- either REM deprivation or REM fragmentation- markers of stress are elevated to a similar degree.Ĭorticosterone, Sleep, Sleep deprivation, Sleep fragmentation, Rapid eye movement (REM), Rapid eye movement deprivation (REM deprivation)ĭisrupted sleep is common and is widely considered to have adverse effects on general wellbeing and physical and mental health. Corticosterone levels in both REM deprivation and REM fragmentation were elevated in comparison to baseline, but were not significantly different from each other. Corticosterone levels were measured in the plasma portion using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Immediately after experimental procedures mice were sacrificed and blood collected. Black Swiss mice were exposed to 1-day and 3-day periods of REM deprivation with inverted flower-pot method or REM fragmentation using the moving bar method. Comparison of the corticosterone response between these patterns of sleep disruption has not been well characterized. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep deprivation is understood to be associated with more severe negative effects than REM fragmentation. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Rif S El Mallakh, MD, Professor and Director, Mood Disorders Research Program, Depression Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 401 East, Chestnut Street, Suite 610, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA, Tel: +50, 50, Fax: 50.Īccepted: Decem| Published: December 23, 2017Ĭitation: Gao Y, Akers B, Roberts MB, El-Mallakh RS (2017) Corticosterone Response in Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Fragmentation. Louis, Missouri, USAģDepartment of Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA Yonglin Gao 1, Brandon Akers 1, Michael B Roberts 1,2 and Rif S El-Mallakh 1,3*ġDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USAĢDepartment of Psychiatry, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. RESEARCH ARTICLE | VOLUME 3, ISSUE 1 | OPEN ACCESS DOI: 10.23937/2572-4053.1510018Ĭorticosterone Response in Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Fragmentation
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